Preservation and maintenance of wetlands is one of the vital items of every society. Wetlands are considered as a source of water and food for humans, so wetlands` protection is important due to the human life.  participations of different groups of society is required in order to achieve the goal of wetlands preservation. Identifying and analyzing the determinants of local community participation in the restoration of Parishan wetland of Fars province was the main purpose of current study. The statistical population was the local community living in 18 villages around the Parishan wetland of Fars province that 250 individuals of them were selected through random sampling method to collect information using survey and based on a special questionnaire. Data were analyzed using AMOS and SPSS software. According to the results, various factors could be effective on increasing the participation of the local community, from the literacy level and area under cultivation to the other factors such as commitment and responsibility of individuals, educational workshops, considering the opinions of different local groups in decision-makings, the importance of women`s position, communications between experts and local people as well as the role of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). Holding educational classes especially for the women of each village according to their culture, increasing trust between the local community and other governmental and non-governmental institutions through improvement of interactions and informing local people about the current status of the wetland as well as the dangers that may arise in the future through virtual networks were some of the applicable recommendations of the study.

This paper reviews the citizen media and studies the fourth generation of communication development theories emphasizes on participatory communication. In this kind of theories the cibizen's parbicipation and their activeness is the center of case instead of the public Accessibility of media. Therefore providing an opportunity for dialogue through media and providing dialogue Democracy in the process of communication is considered as the basis of development in the local communities. In order to achieve the goal of communication development, the virtual networks prove to be a potential source and can depict the cooperation of locals without any physical locations. The case study in the paper is Fesharaki Family Network which is a successful example of a virtual Media with the motto of "think locally and act globally". Which Showes the capability of this class of Medias in the development.

The purpose of present research was to recognition of universities social participation strategies with local Communities in Semnan province and university of Semnan. Research method was mixed (quantitative and qualitative). Qualitative part was based on Grounded theory which its process administered through three stages of open, axial and selective coding using deep interview with experts. For this purpose, through purposeful sampling and theoretical saturation, semi – structured interview was administered with 13university internal stakeholders and 16 external stakeholders who were familiar with university social participation. Qualitative part is based on affirmative factor analysis which 385 person were selected as sample size. Finding from data analysis revealed 20 concepts and functions that through filtration and repetitive issues, 20 saturated concepts were recognized which are categorized in 10 items in a paradigmatic model of research showing strategic university social participation factors including: developing university mission based on local community needs, scientific work shop and conferences, participatory research contracts, employment of local human resources, establishing local participation, building non – governmental communities and corporations, directing teaching and research toward solving Semnan problems, supervising research activities, comprehensive studies in the field of minerals, staring work shop for farmers, study graduates employment, start and developing new fields of study based on province and region needs, educating citizens about production and separation of domestic disposals, open university social climate for growth and supply of youth, teaching hand crafts to housewife's, especially in rural areas, sensitive programs related to environment, and reviewing educational contents based on community needs. Also, finding of quantitative parts confirm recognized strategies.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Solid waste management in Ecuador is the responsibility of the municipal autonomous decentralised governments and is structured in a value chain from waste collection to final disposal. This study aims to assess the impact of municipal governance, public engagement, and the presence of regulations on the quantity of solid waste collected and the probability of service delivery within the value chain. The existing body of research concerning solid waste management at the municipal level in Ecuador is relatively sparse, particularly in terms of longitudinal studies. This gap highlights the need for further investigation, as the current limitations in data hinder a comprehensive understanding of the subject.METHODS: The estimation of the relationships was developed through panel data models, focusing on both the volume of collections and probability of providing recovery, storage, transfer and disposal services. The explanatory variables are quality of the territorial development and land use plan goals, targets and indicators. Furthermore, these factors involve the execution of the investment plan budget financial sustainability, efficiency of expenditure, fiscal dependence, participation system, participation mechanisms, participatory budget, control mechanisms, public accountability, ordinance, municipal agency and gross value added. The current study investigates solid waste collection and the delivery of services in the value chain as the dependent variables, analyzing data from 221 municipalities in Ecuador during the timeframe of 2017 to 2022.FINDINGS: The findings indicate that in smaller municipalities, citizen participation ­– either through participatory budgeting or control mechanisms – influences solid waste collection. In the realm of financial management, the significance of fiscal dependency and financial sustainability is prominent; however, the aspect of planning typically does not exhibit a considerable impact. The chances of offering services such as storage, transfers, and utilization, characterized by limited regulatory oversight, are shaped by fiscal reliance and the existence of relevant ordinances, with no observable effect from citizen participation.CONCLUSION: The outcomes related to citizen participation and waste management are generally more favorable in smaller municipalities. This phenomenon can be linked to their enhanced social cohesion and less complex administrative systems, which promote the successful implementation of policies and initiatives that cater to the unique needs of the community. On the other hand, larger municipalities face greater challenges, such as bureaucracy and complexity in service coordination, which limits the impact of citizen participation. To increase the efficiency of solid waste management services in municipalities, irrespective of their size, it is crucial to innovate in fiscal management and to adopt clear regulatory frameworks.

Background and objectives: Social security has a very important and sensitive role in different dimensions of human life. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of the participation of trustees in establishing social security and its purpose was to investigate the effect of the components of membership in participatory assemblies, participatory position, participation in implementation, participation in decision-making in establishing social security in Tehran.Methodology: In terms of its objectives the current research is of an applied research type and descriptive-survey in terms of implementation method. The statistical population of the research included the trustees of districts 17, 11, and 10 of Tehran. The size of the statistical sample was determined based on Cochran's formula, and Cochran's formula was used with an unspecified and unlimited population size. The sample size was 350 people who were selected by cluster random sampling method. Face validity was used to measure the validity of the research and Cronbach's alpha was used to measure the reliability of the research variables. SPSS software was used to analyze the data. At the descriptive level, center tendency statistics were used, and at the inferential level, Pearson's test and multivariate regression were used.Findings: The results of this research showed that membership in cooperative assemblies, participatory position, participation in implementation, participation in decision-making in establishing social security has a significant effect at the level of 5%. The correlation coefficient between membership in participatory assemblies and the establishment of social security is 0.56, the correlation coefficient between the participation position and the establishment of social security is 0.61, the correlation coefficient between participation in the implementation and establishment of social security is 0.60, and the correlation coefficient between participation in making decisions and establishing social security is 0.48.Results: One of the factors to improve social security is the social participation of local trustees, and if participation is promoted, its components such as membership in participatory assemblies, participatory position, participation in implementation and participation in decision-making of social security are also improved.

Rural sports can be concerned as one of the most important and also obsolete subjects of rural development study and sport sociology in Iran. The mean to the following Study is recognition Capacities and Dimensions of Gilehmardi wrestling in the course of local development and social participation as one of the most important rural sports in Iran. Eshkik and Tazehabad Khachkin as environs of Gilan province have been chosen as borders of the investigation. Parameters of the current project have been gathered using basic theory method and deep interviews and site observations. Results of this study shows that lots of changes have been occured in functions, social and cultural procedures in Gilehmardi wrestling and this sport has been converted from “ traditional” , “ local” , “ related to livelihood economy" phenomenon, to “ margin, strange quasi formal” in the current rural society. From the most significant development ingredients of this procedure “ quasi rural modernism” , “ change inrural leisure times” , “ reduction of farmer roles wrestling performance” , “ classifying wrestling through non-rural organs” and also “ families prohibition in youth wrestling “ can be pointed. The results of the investigation show that development of the current phenomenon, can cause “ reduction of traditions and margin functions of Gilehmardi wrestling” , “ unchaining ruralists from their local identity” , “ improving tourism and rural wisdom industry” , “ reduction of number of challenges” , “ destruction of existence environments” , “ reduction of ruralists active co-operation” .

Introduction and Aim: International experiences show that planning can no longer meet the stakeholders' demands as omniscient. So, over the past decade focusing on bottom-up planning has been more successful in many different areas of the city in developing countries. Nevertheless, the consequences of this approach should be more investigated in developing countries. Todays, centralized top-down planning is used in the most cities of developing countries which stakeholders' partnership has been limited in urban management. The main aim of this study is to assess citizen participation in local management in the Sanglaj neighborhood.Research method: This research is of descriptive and analytical method. Using nonprobability sampling method, we chose 96 residents of the Sanglaj neighborhood as a model. Also we designed a Questionnaire and distributed among them. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software. Tests used in this software, Single-sample t test and Pearson's correlation tests.The findings: The findings and statistical tests showed desire to participate among the citizens of the Sanglaj neighborhood is high and the average 57/3 confirms it. Finally, it was shown, there is a significant relationship among participation and performance of local councils. Correlation Test value is 0/837 and based on standard interpretation, this value is acceptable.Conclusion: The results showed that the level of citizen participation is not desirable, which explains the low level of citizen participation in urban governance is based and it can be concluded that enough context for citizen participation in local management is not provided. However, the willing to participate at community affairs among the citizens of Sanglaj neighborhood is in good standing. So this is a valuable capital and a potential that must be treated. Finally, it is suggested that councils could still regard as a public institution to provide public participation in urban governance.

Political participation in elections is an important component of the political regime is very important. Theorists of development, political participation, especially participation in the election of the most important indicators of political development know. Political development without political participation makes no sense, or at least in terms of content is not complete. Mass media, including the press, along with political parties, interest groups, social classes, and trade unions... Effective role in the political socialization and political participation, and directly or indirectly to bring news and political information, introduce and promote the values and political goals of their own society than political values with the values of other societies, discussion and discuss the positions of the government and other nations to participate in politics is possible. This study aimed to investigate the role of local media in Kerman on political participation in the Eleventh presidential elections. In this descriptive science research, data collection method in theory and in practice, using a questionnaire Ktabkhanh Ay and in the survey. The population of 392 people that analysis was performed using SPSS software. and political participation were the subjects affected by factors and other variables except the local press publications and has been the subject of this study.

Identifying the constraining factors of production and yield gap is very important. Therefore; this research was performed to identify the production constraining factors of local rice cultivars. All management practices from nursery preparation to harvesting stages for 100 paddy fields of local rice cultivars were recorded through field studies, in Sari, from 2015-2016. In the CPA, the actual and calculated potential yield were 4495 and 5703 kg/ha, respectively and the gap was 1221 kg/ha. The yield gap caused by number of top-dressing variables was 324 kg/ha, equal to 27% of the total yield gap. The yield gap related to previous year of legumes cultivation was 218 kg ha-1, equal to 18% of the total yield variation. Among the 10 variables entered in the CPA model, the effects of top-dress fertilizer application and its application frequency and foliar application were remarkable, which could compensate a significant part of the yield gap (444 kg/ha, 37% of total) in the farmers’ fields by managing these variables. According to boundary line analysis (BLA) finding, actual yield mean on the basis of optimal limit related to 12 variables under study was 5369 kg/ha, with 881 kg/ha yield gap . Mean relative yield and relative yield gap for 12 variables (transplanting date, seedling age, number of seedlings per hill, planting density, nitrogen and phosphorous per hectare, nitrogen before transplanting, harvesting date, lodging problem, pest problem, diseases problem and weeds problem) were 83.64 and 16.35 kg/ha, respectively. Based on the finding, it can be stated that the model precision is appropriate and can be applied for both estimation of the quantity of yield gap and determining the portion of each restricting yield variables.